Whether I am making my Chorizo Dip, Jalapeño Popper Dip, or Hot and Cheesy 7-Layer Dip, there is always an excuse to celebrate with delicious food. The perfect balance of spicy and savory, this buffalo recipe is something you will want to make again and again. That is why this retro dip has been so popular for generations. Make sure there is no pink in the middle and an internal temperature of at least 165 degrees.This hot buffalo chicken dip is one of the best Appetizer Recipes for any occasion, ball game, or holiday that calls for great food.
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While sequential variable fuel injection has many. This design produces the best fuel atomization and precise distribution to each cylinder for the ultimate performance. Other multi-port systems will fire all the injectors in groups no matter if the cylinder is ready or not. The fuel injector is also timed with the intake valve opening, giving the ultimate control and is the most efficient way to deliver fuel into your engine. This location provides a more efficient mixture control thats unaffected by varying intake manifold runner temperatures and length. Key to the improved performance of a system like this is the fuel injector location, which is at the end of the runner on the intake manifold right before the air flow stream enters the combustion chamber. 1) Single-Point or Throttle-Body Injection 2) Multi-point Injection System 3) Sequential Port Fuel Injection System (SPFI) 4) Direct Injection System. Pro-Flo 4 EFI systems feature a high performance Edelbrock intake manifold with a 1,000 cfm throttle body, fuel rails and individual injectors for each cylinder. The OEM’s only utilized throttle body style injection for 9 years before transitioning to sequential port fuel injection for improved drivability and efficiency. Typically, the center cylinders run slightly richer than the outer cylinders, hindering tuning for peak fuel economy and peak performance. This can also cause the air/fuel mixture to separate as it flows to the cylinders, resulting in an uneven mixture between cylinders. The next schematic represents the different kinds of systems and how. The sequential injection permits a more precise control of air/fuel ratio to individual cylinders of the internal combustion engine than has heretofore been. Another drawback is the delayed throttle response since the fuel must travel through the intake manifold to the combustion chamber. The advancement in fuel injection technologies gave rise to various fuel injection arrangements such as throttle body fuel injection, multi-point fuel injection. The basic types of fuel injection systems are single-point fuel injection, multi-point fuel injection, sequential fuel injection, and direct injection. Mixing fuel this way allows for it to puddle and condense in the plenum of the intake manifold, a recipe for hard cold starts. Sequential fuel injection is in fact multipoint, as there is at least one injector for. It’s the most universal type of Electronic Fuel Injection system, but it’s not ideal for high performance engines. It basically just means there is at least one injector for each cylinder. In sequential port injection CNG engines, gas fuel is injected by fuel nozzle injector via intake port into combustion chamber. This design delivers the fuel into the air flow stream in the plenum similar to a carburetor. Throttle Body style EFI systems feature fuel rails and injectors mounted directly to a throttle body. Even silage that is too dry likely is too wet to burn quickly."Ī fire inside a stack of silage inside a silo does not have adequate air to burn aggressively, so a farmer should not panic. First, farmers should realise that silage does not make a good fuel source. "The initial decisions made can mean the difference between salvaging a viable crop or ruining it. "A silo fire is usually discovered when someone sees smoke coming from the top of the silo or the smell of something burning is evident," he said. That is a critical time when natural fermentation and heating is taking place inside the silo. The earlier a fire is detected, the easier it is to control, Mr Hill noted, so it is important to regularly monitor silos for a month after harvest. This is not an easy task but not an impossible one." "Better to lose a few tons than a few hundred tons. "The goal in managing a fire inside a silo is locating the fire area and controlling that area without affecting the rest of the material," said David Hill, director of the Managing Agricultural Emergencies Program. When a silo burns, a farm operator can lose a tremendous investment of time and money and can face a huge cost to replace ruined feed, but many silo fires can be managed and the damage and loss minimised, according to an agricultural-emergencies expert in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences. Sometimes, when harvest conditions are less than ideal, silage with lower-than-optimum moisture levels is put into a silo, potentially leading to excessive heating and a spontaneous-combustion fire. Nowadays, the term “calico” might loosely refer to any number of speckled, spotted, splashed, or freckled limas. It produces mottled maroon and cream-colored seeds. It began as an alternative name for the ‘Christmas’ lima, a vining cultivar that originated in Peru and made its way to the US in the 1840s. “Calico bean” is another nickname you may come across. It originated in Mexico, but the Madagascar-grown version is lauded for its high vanillin content. Vanilla planifolia is an orchid species that produces seed pods. Some gardeners and diners refer to all vining limas as “Madagascar beans,” though according to the Australian seed company Succeed Heirlooms, the name is specific to a cultivar with large speckled seeds grown as perennials in hot, dry climates.Īdding to the confusion, the label “Madagascar bean” is also often used to describe vanilla beans grown in Madagascar. Other popular cultivars have also spawned nicknames that have come into common usage for broader categories of P. But in casual conversation, the names “Carolina” and “sieva” can apply to other cultivars, too, particularly those that produce small white seeds. That particular type is a cold-resistant vine that produces white seeds. Jefferson’s agricultural mentor Bernard McMahon mentioned it and shared specifics on creating poles to support hills of these “running Carolina lima beans” in his 1806 book, “ The American Gardener’s Calendar.” It was grown at Thomas Jefferson’s plantation Monticello (which, by the way, is in Virginia, not either of the Carolinas) in the late 1700s and early 1800s. These names probably came into common usage thanks to the cultivar ‘Sieva Carolina.’ “Sieva” or “Carolina” beans are two more that you might hear, particularly in the South. This type of legume is also known as a “Burma bean,” probably because it’s often grown there. One name that crops up fairly often is “potato bean,” for the big white seeds that have a baked potato texture when boiled or steamed. Lucille Ball starred as a fictionalized version of herself, Lucy Ricardo, a young middle-class housewife living in New York City with her husband Ricky Ricardo (Desi Arnaz). I Love Lucy is one of the most influential shows of all time. And that’s partially because there’s almost always a little bit of I Love Lucy sprinkled into every sitcom. While The Dick Van Dyke Show makes up most of episode 1 and 2’s settings and vibes, there is also a little bit of I Love Lucy sprinkled in there. The importance of opening with a setting as grounded and recognizable as The Dick Van Dyke Show therefore cannot be overstated. WandaVision is dealing with fantastical circumstances to begin with…and that’s before little “glitches” in its characters’ reality suggest that none of this is real. Watch everything Marvel and more on Disney+, right here! Viewers can accept pratfalls over Ottomans or even tea saucers flying via ESP as long as the characters feel grounded. But it’s the second part of Van Dyke’s message that matters. Imagine Shakman’s heart dropping during the first part of Van Dyke’s quote, realizing that he was about to make a sitcom about a magic-user and her android boyfriend. If you’re drawing something that’s grounded and it’s real and it’s resonating with everyone’s experience at home, you can do crazy things.” “We asked him, ‘What was the sort of governing principle behind the Dick Van Dyke Show? Why did it work so well?’ And he said if it couldn’t happen in real life, it can’t happen on the show. “That remains one of the great afternoons of my life,” Shakman told reporters about meeting the comedy legend. In fact, as part of their aforementioned “sitcom school” the producers had lunch with the still sprightly and energetic 95-year-old Van Dyke to discuss the finer points of sitcoms. This modeling of the Van Dyke Show home for WandaVision’s main dwelling was clearly no accident. Van Dyke would step off that landing and theatrically pratfall over an Ottoman in the show’s opener.Įven Wanda and Vision’s kitchen appears to be modeled after the Petrie’s, with ample counter space and shuttered windows leading out into the living room. Right inside the entrance of the front door is a small landing leading to a lowered living room floor. Wanda and Vision’s home appears to be at least partially modeled off of the Petrie’s abode. The first episode in particular closely resembles the aesthetic of the classic Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore-starring show. The Dick Van Dyke Show is the clearest influence on WandaVision’s first two episodes. Given that Feige, Schaeffer, Shakman, and company went to such efforts to create as “sitcom-y” experience as possible, it’s only fair that we delve into the episodes and identify all the sitcoms it’s paying homage to. The franchise is beginning its future on television by looking to the medium’s past. This is a bold new direction for Marvel’s storytelling. In the second, the pair must concoct a magic show for Westview’s kids…all while Vision is basically drunk on chewing gum. In one, Wanda and Vis endure many classic sitcom misunderstandings as the latter’s boss makes an unexpected appearance at dinner. Save for a handful of moments that suggest all is not what it seems, WandaVision’s first two episodes are made up entirely of classic sitcom plots. Still, even with all that forewarning, it’s hard to contain one’s surprise at just how seriously and literal WandaVision takes its sitcom mission. Producer/Marvel head Kevin Feige, head writer Jac Schaeffer, and director Matt Shakman all went through what they describe as a “sitcom school.” In the show’s posters, Wanda, Vision, and other characters like Agnes (Kathryn Hahn) are made up of literal TV sets. The show’s trailers revealed its concept of Wanda Maximoff (Elizabeth Olsen) and The Vision (Paul Bettany) living a classic sitcom lifestyle, laughtrack and all. Marvel was never shy about promoting that its first Disney+ series, WandaVision, was inspired by classic TV sitcoms. I didn’t want to give them that satisfaction,” he added. “I just didn’t want those rioters to see the vice president’s motorcade speeding away from Capitol Hill. And I just turned to my Secret Service lead and said, ‘I’m not getting in that car’ … I just assumed that if we got in the car and close those 200-pound doors that not my team in the loading dock, but that somebody maybe back at Secret Service headquarters would simply give the driver an order to go,” Pence recalled. And I saw that they had positioned vehicles on the ramp. “They were walking us for the motorcade with the doors on our Suburban open on either side. As a compromise, Pence was taken to the loading dock, which he was told was more secure, but found the motorcade positioned to leave the Capitol. Pence, echoing an excerpt of his book published last week in The Wall Street Journal, described how he disagreed with his Secret Service lead agent, who initially wanted the vice president to leave the Capitol building. I was filled with indignation about what I saw.” The former vice president, who was at the Capitol on January 6 as the violence unfolded, said he “felt no fear. When pressed by Muir as to why Trump didn’t take action sooner to stop the violence at the US Capitol on January 6, 2021, Pence said he “can’t account for what the president was doing” that day, and told ABC that he never heard from Trump or the White House on January 6. Any formally declared bid, though, would almost certainly face strong opposition from Trump, whose supporters he would need in a primary fight. The former vice president has been coy about his plans for 2024, but he has long been viewed as a potential aspirant for the Republican presidential nomination. “And for me and my family, we will be reflecting about what our role is in that,” he added. And I think, so in the days ahead, I think there will be better choices.” And I think they want to see their national leaders start to reflect that same, that same compassion and generosity of spirit. People in this country actually get along pretty well once you get out of politics. But I think we’ll have better choices in the future. Had Trump picked a running mate similarly prone to bloviating, such as former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, he would have reinforced worries about his ascension to the White House.Former Vice President Mike Pence said in a newly released interview clip that he and his family are giving “prayerful consideration” to whether he should run for president in 2024 and that the US will have “better choices in the future” than former President Donald Trump.Īsked by ABC News’ David Muir if he believes he can defeat Trump, who is expected to announce a 2024 campaign for the White House on Tuesday, Pence replied: “Well, that would be for others to say, and it’d be for us to decide whether or not we’d want to test that.”Īnd asked whether he believes his former boss should serve again as president, Pence said: “I think that’s up to the American people. Bush from winning 40 states and the presidency in 1988. Dan Quayle - was awkward and unimpressive, but that didn’t stop George H.W. The last Indiana politician chosen as a major-party running mate - Sen. Political scientists have long pooh-poohed pundits’ habits of assigning great importance to running mates. He is a plausible president - far more so than Trump - which is the ultimate litmus test for any vice-presidential candidate. A willingness to admit error is an attractive quality in a politician. And he signed a bill that weakened the religious freedom law after the national backlash to it threatened Indiana’s economy. He testified before his legislature in successfully seeking funding for preschool programs, a cause dear to many liberals. He has excoriated calls to ban Muslim immigration. He’s also not as doctrinaire as many leading conservatives. As Indiana governor, he’s shown discipline in budget matters and helped shepherd his state’s economic rebound. A former member of the House GOP leadership, he has good-to-excellent relations with wealthy donors, the tea party faction and the Republican establishment. Pence is not a flake or a lightweight and has an even-keeled temperament. >īut in the larger picture, Pence’s selection has to worry Hillary Clinton’s camp and anyone terrified by the idea of a vindictive, impulsive political neophyte becoming the most powerful person in the world. Like us on Facebook to see more editorials, essays and cartoons. using its military strength, an advocate of entitlement reforms, immigration reform and free trade, and the champion of an Indiana law - the Religious Freedom Restoration Act - that the gay community and many others decried as discriminatory. Pence is the embodiment of GOP orthodoxy. Mike Pence as his running mate raised eyebrows in some circles. This is why Trump’s selection of Indiana Gov. Solid work by Beckett, who could be done at any time, although he doesn't pitch again until Tuesday so he may want one or two more batters. He still faces the minimum in the inning after a line-drive double play. Moments after mentioning that Josh Beckett had yet to allow a hit, he does, although it is only an infield job. About as good as can be for the right-hander as he gets set to face Cleveland next Tuesday.Įnd 5th, Red Sox 8-0: I still have the touch. Mid 6th, Red Sox 8-0: We see Josh Beckett with his coat on disappear into the tunnel so that's it for him. It's a debate as to which result is more important to our viewers. Jonathan Papelbon, Daniel Bard and Bobby Jenks are all on the schedule for this one, but Jenks had a tooth pulled back in Florida and may get the night off.Įnd 6th, Red Sox 8-0: The highlight of the sixth inning is the fan who did a faceplant on the dirt down the third-base line trying to get a foul ball.Īlso, Dennys Reyes tossed a scoreless frame. He strikes out Marco Scutaro and Jacoby Ellsbury to finish off the frame. Mid 7th, Red Sox 8-0: Pretty impressive stuff by Wilton Lopez there in the seventh. Red Sox pitching has been dominant tonight, regardless of the opponent. He struck out Hunter Pence and Bill Hall in a scoreless seventh. Other than that, Bard has been his usual self. He hasn't faced big league hitters all that much of late, so there is some importance to this outing.Įnd 7th, Red Sox 8-0: The bulk of the five runs Daniel Bard allowed this spring came in one rocky outing very early on when he was just getting in some work. Jonathan Papelbon is on to pitch the eighth. Mid 8th, Red Sox 8-0: If anyone hits the ball on that Jordan's sign (the size of a beach ball 440 feet from home plate, and only on select dates) I'll deliver the furniture myself. That leaves Bobby Jenks, Jason Rice or Blake Maxwell for the ninth. I have no clue what I'm blogging about here.Įnd 8th, Red Sox 8-0: Five pitches for Jonathan Papelbon and the inning is over. You can handle the next one, OK pal? Didn't mean to ruin your night. Red Sox catchers are now 4-for-5 with four RBIs.īlake Maxwell is on to finish this one off. 310 with a very good walk rate last year, mostly at low- and high-Class A stops. Mid 9th, Red Sox 10-0: Nice moment for 24-year-old catcher Daniel Butler, who crushes a two-run shot onto the tracks in left.īutler hit. Thanks to all of you who followed along tonight. Wilson matchup in Arlington, and the live blog will be alive and well early that day. Look for more coverage on Thursday as we lead up to the Jon Lester-C.J. For the Red Sox, nothing but positives.īoston bangs out 12 hits while five Red Sox pitchers limit Houston to four hits, all singles.They get a well-deserved day off before starting the season Friday in Texas, in case you hadn't heard. Sox Transactions, Trades, and Free Agentsįinal, Red Sox 10-0: Mercifully, for the Astros at least, this one is over.Dennys Reyes ended with a 2.70 ERA, and while he had strong peripherals to start, his walks have climbed of late while his strikeouts remained stationary.Red Sox Live Blog: Josh Beckett, Jarrod Saltalamacchia Lead Red Sox to Rout of Astros in Spring Training Finale. With a 2.84 ERA and 13 strikeouts to just a pair of walks, he showed none of the control struggles that had hurt him in Baltimore. While Reyes and Albers did make the most sense statistically speaking, both would have been free to go elsewhere had the Sox not kept them on the 25-man, while Okajima and Aceves are now both down in Pawtucket, available should the need arise.Īlbers, formerly of the Baltimore Orioles, was one of the larger surprises of spring. The decision to keep Reyes and Albers was likely made with the intention of preserving depth as much as having the best players on the team. The Red Sox have made their final cuts and, as expected, Dennys Reyes and Matt Albers are in while Hideki Okajima and Alfredo Aceves are out. Note that you specifically need to choose the American Airlines credit card other credit cardsAmerican Airlines offers, such as AAdvantage Aviator Mastercard, dont let you fly now and pay later. You could make small payments each week until the end of the six-month period, pay the full amount in the fifth month or anything in between. However, it works somewhat differently from the initiatives outlined previously because theres no fixed payment plan. This involves applying for a special American Airlines credit card and using it to pay for flights, allowing you to delay payment on flights of $150 or more for up to six months without interest. You May Like: Montgomery County Texas Property Tax Refund Application How Does American Airlines Fly Now Pay Later WorkĪmerican Airlines offers its own way to delay payment through its Fly Nowpayment plan. View all the fly now pay later schemes that Alternative Airlines accept which include the likes of Affirm, PayPal Credit, Afterpay and Klarna. Monthly or bi-weekly reminders by email or SMS will be sent for due payments. Whichever fly now pay later option you choose, the amount that is required to pay back will be displayed at the time of booking, so that you know exactly how much you have to pay and when you have to pay it by. Our fly now pay later schemes work as an alternative payment method to book flights online, allowing you to confirm your flight today and pay back at a later date in monthly or weekly installments. This can be on airlines including British Airways, Virgin Atlantic and many more. If you are a UK resident, you can confirm flights and select “PayPal Credit” or Klarna at the checkout or Affirm when booking with Alternative Airlines. The plans and simple applications do not take long to fill out or set up once flights have been chosen. Can I Set Up A Payment Plan For FlightsĪ selection of flight ticket payment plan options are available to be able to book your flights now a pay off later on different airlines around the world, through Alternative Airlines. Instead of paying the full amount of your trip in advance, you only have to place a deposit to secure your tickets. Our Book Now Pay Later option allows you to enjoy the benefits of early bookings savings. Once that happens, youd be asked to pay us in installments. We will buy your tickets and your vacation packages. Simply choose your travel destination, and we will do the rest. Thats why our Book Now Pay Later system is as easy as can be. This means you would get most of your funds back, except for the costs deducted by the insolvency practitioner for returning the funds to the customers.Fly Now Pay Later!! How to Pay for AirfareĪt Trip Support, we believe in offering you simple solutions for your travel needs. In the event of Paynetics going out of business, an insolvency practitioner would be appointed to return the funds Paynetics has safeguarded to the customers. However, in the event of an insolvency, your funds would remain in the safeguarded account at the designated Bank and separated from Paynetics' accounts. 44/.Įlectronic Money issued is not covered by any Deposit Guarantee Scheme which is a government backed scheme offering protection to customers' funds of up to €100,000 (£85,000 in the UK under the FSCS) per customer. Payment accounts and Mastercard cards are issued by Paynetics AD (via Paystratus Group Ltd, a Technical Provider of Paynetics AD) with company address at 76A James Bourchier Blvd, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria, company registration number 131574695 and VAT BG131574695, pursuant to an e-money license issued by the Bulgarian National Bank No. and meet additional eligibility criteria to qualify. You must be over 18, a resident of the U.S. Options depend on your purchase amount, and a down payment may be required. Your rate will be 9.99 – 29.99% APR based on credit, and is subject to an eligibility check. Payment options through Fly Now Pay Later are provided by Pay Later Financial Services Inc, 228 Park Ave S, 56453, New York, New York 10003-1502 US, NMLS #2233088 in partnership with Cross River Bank, Member FDIC.Ģ. This genealogy had not yet been taken its final form by the first century but the clan's claimed descent from Venus was more well established in public consciousness. Given that Aeneas was a son of Venus, this made the clan divine. The family also claimed descent from Julus, the son of Aeneas and founder of Alba Longa. The family claimed to have immigrated to Rome from Alba Longa during the seventh century BC after the third king of Rome, Tullus Hostilius, took and destroyed their city. Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia on 12 July 100 BC. He was an enemy of Sulla and took the city with Lucius Cornelius Cinna in 87 BC. Gaius Marius, Caesar's uncle and the husband of Caesar's aunt Julia. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as Caesarism, has inspired politicians into the modern era. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for " Emperor" the title " Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern descendants such as Kaiser and Tsar. Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. Later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also important sources. Other contemporary sources include the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. Octavian set about solidifying his power, and the era of the Roman Empire began.Ĭaesar was an accomplished author and historian as well as a statesman much of his life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns. Caesar's great-nephew and adopted heir Octavian, later known as Augustus, rose to sole power after defeating his opponents in the last civil war of the Roman Republic. A new series of civil wars broke out and the constitutional government of the Republic was never fully restored. On the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a group of rebellious senators led by Brutus and Cassius, who stabbed him to death. His populist and authoritarian reforms angered the elites, who began to conspire against him. He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator for life" ( dictator perpetuo). He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. This began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near-unchallenged power and influence in 45 BC.Īfter assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. In 49 BC, Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. These achievements and the support of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. During this time he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine river. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly extended Roman territory. Their attempts to amass political power were opposed by many in the senate, among them Cato the Younger with the private support of Cicero. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. He played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. Gaius Julius Caesar ( / ˈ s iː z ər/ Latin: 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. After removing the aneurysm, she was restored to life. The operation is known as “ deep hypothermic circulatory arrest” (DHCA) or “standstill” which required that Reynolds’s body temperature be lowered to 60 degrees, her heartbeat and breathing stopped, her brain waves flattened, and the blood drained from her head. In 1991, Reynolds underwent a rare operation to remove a giant basilar artery aneurysm in her brain. The NDE of Pam Reynolds (1956–2010) is a case in point. While these dying brain studies show consciousness increasing BEFORE brain death, near-death studies provide descriptions of consciousness increasing and continuing AFTER brain death – but before permanent irreversible bodily death. Bruce Greyson et al (2022) have commented in a recent paper on this subject here: Recent Report of Electroencephalogram of a Dying Human Brain. This study also corresponds with a 2013 study involving the brains of dying rats which discovered a surge of the rats’ brain activity before death. This latest dying brain scan study also affirms that a surge of brain activity occurs after the heart stops beating and before brain death. This suggests that people may actually see their life “flash before their eyes” when they die affirming NDEs concerning the so-called life review. During the 30 seconds before and after the man’s heart stopped, his brain waves were remarkably similar to those seen during dreaming, memory recall, and meditation. “The life review can actually occur when people are not physiologically close to death – there are many cases of life reviews during falls, for instance,” he said.The discovery that life may flash before your eyes at death was made accidentally when a man died during a routine brain scan. “I don’t think we can assume this is a representative example of how the human brain behaves at the point of death,” he said, adding it was also a stretch to link an increase in gamma brain waves with flashbacks before death. “This study, showing similar findings in a dying human, is both moving and fascinating, but whether the recorded activity underlies any particular kind of subjective experience – whether so-called ‘near death experiences’, or impressions of life flashing before ones eyes – is impossible to say, and will likely remain so.”ĭr Steve Taylor, a psychologist at Leeds Beckett University, agreed. “The study extends work from about 10 years ago showing characteristic ‘bursts’ of brain activity in rodents prior to death, with some brain activity persisting even after cardiac arrest – especially in the so-called ‘gamma’ frequency range,” he said Prof Anil Seth, a neuroscientist at the University of Sussex who was not involved in the research, said the data was “pretty unique”, noting ethically it was not possible to plan the collection of such recordings. “These findings challenge our understanding of when exactly life ends and generate important subsequent questions, such as those related to the timing of organ donation,” said Dr Ajmal Zemmar, a neurosurgeon at the University of Louisville, US, and a co-author of the study. Nonetheless, the researchers say the results could have important implications. However, the findings are based on the recordings from just one person, and the researchers urge caution, noting among other factors that traumatic brain injuries and white matter damage can affect brain waves, while activity of networks in the brain can be affected by anticonvulsant medication such as that given to the patient. “Given that cross-coupling between alpha and gamma activity is involved in cognitive processes and memory recall in healthy subjects, it is intriguing to speculate that such activity could support a last ‘recall of life’ that may take place in the near-death state,” the team writes in the journal Frontiers in Ageing Neuroscience. The study suggests that interactions between different types of brain wave continue after the blood stops flowing in the brain.īut, the researchers add, it also raises an intriguing possibility. The team says analysis of recordings of the 30 seconds before and after the man’s heart stopped beating suggest that in his final moments he experienced changes in different types of brain waves, including alpha and gamma brain waves. However, during the EEG recordings he had experienced a heart attack and died. When doctors carried out an electroencephalography (EEG), they had discovered the patient had developed epilepsy. The man had been admitted to a hospital emergency department after a fall that resulted in a bleed in the brain, and subsequently deteriorated. |
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